What are Viruses and How do They Work?: Flipped Classroom Notes

*What is a virus?

.Viruses are common

.Almost all life has a virus specifically designed to infect it

.Viruses are much smaller than bacteria

.*Most scientists agree a virus is a complex chunk of organic matter that is able to replicate

*What is the structure of a virus?

.*Viruses are shells made of protein with a chunk of DNA or RNA inside

.They are really just a chunk of DNA or RNA

*How do viruses work?

.*Viruses attack cells and turn them into breeding grounds for the virus. They use them to produce the virus.

.*Uses outer protein code to bind to the outer membrane of the cell. The outer protein shell determines what cells the virus can attack. It is like a key and lock.

.*The virus uses a series of biological pathways to either have the cell accept the entire virus or accept portions of DNA or RNA to implement into the cell's genetic information.

*How do viruses replicate?

.*Once the cell is hijacked by the virus, it uses the cell to replicate the virus's DNA/RNA and create outer protein shells that can penetrate that of the same cell.

*What is bigger, a virus or bacteria?

.*Bacteria is much larger than viruses.

.Some scientists believe that the first multicelular lifeforms were born on account of a virus.

*What was difference between the Viral Tag game an the flipped classroom video?

.*During the tag game an immune system was involved. The video did not mention the immune system.

Analysis: A virus is, debatably, a non-living chunk of biomass, a shell made of protein containing specific sets of DNA or RNA, that replicates itself using cells found in different organisms. Different viruses target different cells in different organisms. Viruses, in the process of replicating itself, destroy the cell's primary functions. 

An Illustration of a Virus

What is a Virus? How do viruses work?

Science Lab Brainstorming Process: Hypothesis

If you grow pestalotiopsis microspora on nutrient agar, gelatin, and solidified guar gum, then agrose will cultivate the most spores, because agar has a stronger nutritional base, due to the fact that the nutrient agar contains either yeast or beef extracts to boost nutritional value, while animal gelatin contains 7 grams of protein per ounce, but lacking vitamins and solidified guar gum is high in dietary fibers,  86 grams of dietary fiber per 100 grams.

Vaccine Presentations

Notes from the presentations:
Polio:

Not Toxic:
Vero cells, M 119, calf bovine serum, phenoxyethanol, neomycin, Eagle MEM modified medium

Toxic:
Formaldehyde and streptomycin, and polymyxin B

DTaP:

Not Toxic:

Glutaraldehyde, Dimethyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin, Ammonium Sulfate, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)

Toxic: All of the ingredients are harmful in large quantities

MMR 2:

Chick embryo cell culture, WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts, vitamins, amino acids, fetal bovine serum, sucrose, glutamate, recombinant human albumin, neomycin, sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatin, sodium phosphate, and sodium chloride

None of the ingredients are toxic


HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type B):

Non-Toxic: Sodium Chloride, sucrose, saline, lactose

Toxic: If allergic to milk-based proteins, modified Mueller and Miller medium could be potentially dangerous

Toxic in high quantities: modified Mueller and Miller Medium, Formaldehyde, lactose (if intolerant)

Hepatitis B

Benign/not considered toxic:Yeast Protein Mineral Salts Dextrose Soy Peptone, and Phosphate Buffer

Toxic in high quantities: Formaldehyde (most dangerous when inhaled), Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate, Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate, DihydrateAluminum Hydroxide (when combined with kidney failure), Sodium Chloride, Potassium, Aluminum, SulfateAmorphous, Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate, Sulfate, and Amino Acids

Hepatitis A

Not toxic: Formalin, MRC-5 human diploid cells, aluminum hydroxide

Toxic: Sodium chloride,  sodium borate, aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin

Varicella/Chickenpox/Varivax

Toxic: urea, neomycin, monosodium L-glutamate, sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium chloride, EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

Not Toxic: sucrose, hydrolized gelatin

HPV (Human Papillomavirus Infection)

Not Toxic: Carbohydrates, vitamins

Toxic: AAHS, Amino Acids, Polysorbate 80, Mineral Salt, Mineral Toxicity, and L-Histidine

Overview:
During the presentations I learned a lot about what ingredients are persistent in different types of vaccines. However, I did not learn about what "lethal in high quantities" pertains to. I would think that a lethal dosage would all be dependant on the chemical in question. In theory, all the ingredients in the vaccines can be considered dangerous in high quantities.